The Character of Blanche DuBois in Tennessee Williams A Streetcar Name

Blanche, the main character in Williams play A Streetcar Named Desire invokes many contrasting emotions. To analyze ones emotions concerning Blanche is no easy task, to do so effectively one must miscarry the play into different parts and analyze them separately. The problem with Blanche is that she presents a character so mixed up in her own motives and opinions that one never knows if it is in reality her or an act shes putting on. The audience will find itself constantly readjusting its position towards Blanche and the other characters as the play unfolds and we learn more nearly her story and the reasons behind her inadequacies. Williams makes sure nothing is white or black but grey so that at some moments in the play we sputter to find a reason for her cool manipulation and hunger for precedent while at others we pity her pathetic life founded on lies and misconceptions. Even when she tries to find up Stanley and Stellas relationship we dont immediately brand her as a vil lain, we remember that if Stella hadnt left than maybe Blanche would have pass what she had wanted to become rather than what society dictated her to become. When we see Blanche for the very first time we know right away that she does not belong in Stellas neighborhood, she is daintily dressed and her delicate beauty must avoid a strong light, she seems in a fairly hysterical pronounce but we can assume thats just normal since she is incongruous to this setting. She seems to be having trouble speaking normally to a black soulfulness so that we can already place the origin of her upbringing in the South, probably in one of those enormous mansions that housed rich slave owning white families. As the scene unfolds, the image of the rich, somewhat shelte... ...e thinking about her and the play they will feel sympathy or at least pity for Blanche. What Williams demonstrates with this play is the power of memories and the ruthlessness of society. Works Cited and Consulted Brownmiller, Susan. Against Our Will. New York Bantam Books, 1975. Dworkin, Andrea. Intercourse. New York The Free Press, 1087 Lant, Kathleen Margaret. A Streetcar Named Misogyny. pp. 225-238 in REDMOND. Redmond, James (Editor). Violence in Drama. Cambridge University Press 1991. Spoto, Donald. The Kindness of Strangers. capital of Massachusetts Little, Brown and Company, 1985. Williams, Edwina Dakin. Remember Me to Tom. St. Louis Sunrise Publishing Company, 1963. Williams, Tennessee. Memoirs. New York Doubleday and Company, Inc 1975. Williams, Tennessee. A Streetcar Named Desire. New York Signet. Original copyright 1947.

Hamilton Argues Against A Bill Of Rights :: essays research papers

During the late 18th century the Antifederalists argued against the constitution on the grounds that it did not contain a eminence sticker of rights. They believed that without a list of personal freedoms, the new national government might abuse its powers and that the states would be immersed by an all to dominant and influential national government. The Antifederalists disturbed that the limits on direct voting and the long terms of the president and senators, supplied by the constitution, would create a population of elites and aristocrats, which in turn would eventually take extraneous power from the people. They also feared that the president might become another monarch. In other words, the Antifederalists ultimately felt that the new Constitution was undemocratic.     Supporters of a constitution, lacking a bill of rights, were called Federalists. The Federalists included members such as Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, whom wrote a se ries of essays that were designed to inform and persuade the public of their views pertaining to the issues of the day. Among these views was whether a bill of rights should be added to the constitution. The Federalists, via Alexander Hamilton, dealt with this issue in a foremost way in their 84th essay.     In the 84th essay Hamilton begins by explaining that a bill of rights, which are in their origin, stipulations between kings and their subjects, abridgements of prerogative in favor of privilege, reservations of rights not evenfalled to the prince. Therefore Hamilton states that bills of rights have no application to constitutions professedly founded upon the power of the people, and that under the constitution the people surrender nothing, and as they retain everything they have no need of particular reservations." Another argument used by Hamilton was reminding, those who criticize the constitution for lacking a commove of Rights, that many of the sta te constitutions do not contain one either. He believes that the Constitution, as is, effectively includes a bill of rights. The constitution contained various provisions in favor of particular privileges and rights. Provisions such as the power to impeach, writ of habeas corpus, the allowance for no bill of attainder or ex post facto law, no granting of title of nobility, trials that shall be by a jury in the state which the crime was committed within, and that punishment for treason will not extend to family members of the person convicted of that crime.

Thoughts on a Possible Rational Reconstruction of the Method of Essay

Thoughts on a Possible Rational Reconstruction of the manner of Rational ReconstructionABSTRACT Rational reconstructions standardly operate so as to transform a given problematic philosophical scientific account-particularly of a terminological, methodological or theoretical entity-into a similar, but more precise, consistent interpretation. This method occupies a central position in the practice of analytic philosophy. Nevertheless, we encounter-even if only in a very few specific publications-a vague image of it. This is imputable on the one hand to the problem of the intentions of application, i.e., of the normativity of rational reconstruction (descriptive/prescriptive-ambivalence). It is also due on the other hand to the problem of the significance of the method in the field of history of philosophy (systematic/historical-dichotomy). The varied usage within analytic philosophy, as well as the increasingly inflationary and interfering usage outside, contribute to make rational reconstruction somehow appear a Proteus in contemporary philosophical methodology. This paper attempts to administer first aid and to close a bit of the theoretical gap and thus to reach a more exact image for the interests of analytic philosophy. Self-application of the method appears to be the right remedy. A graduating rational reconstruction of a standard concept of rational reconstruction leave be suggested, differentiating the concept of rational reconstruction according to normativity, and explicating the method of rational reconstruction into two such variants. IntroductionThe method of rational reconstruction occupies a central position in the practice of Analytical Philosophy. Andreas Kamlah once has dealt with it in an article under ... ...85), pp.71-82Poser, Hans 1971 Philosophiegeschichte und rationale Rekonstruktion. Wert und Grenze einer Methode. In Studia Leibnitiana 3 (1971), pp. 67-76 ________ 1980 Rekonstruktion, rationale. In Speck, Josef (ed.) Handbuch wissens chaftstheoretischer Begriffe. Band. 3, Gttingen 1980, pp. 555-556 Stegmller, Wolfgang 1967 Gedanken ber eine mgliche rationale Rekonstruktion von Kants Metaphysik der Erfahrung. Teil I. Kants Rtsel der Erfahrungserkenntnis. In Ratio 9 (1967), pp. 1-30 ________ 1973 Probleme und Resultate der Wissenschaftstheorie und Analytischen Philosophie. Band IV. Personelle und Statistische Wahrscheinlichkeit. Studienausgabe Teil A, Berlin 1973________ 1985 Probleme und Resultate der Wissenschaftstheorie und Analytischen Philosophie. Band II. Theorie und Erfahrung. Studienausgabe Teil E, 2nd ed., Berlin 1985.

I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings: Chapter 25 Notes :: essays research papers

Chapter 251.In this chapter, Maya and Bailey are introduced to the idea of being moved to California, this being because of Baileys incident with a murdered nasty man. 2.a)In this chapter Maya Angelou gives us some more insight on mummys character, she establishes the reason for Mammas secretive and all over-protective nature Her African-bush secretiveness and suspiciousness had been deepen by slavery and confirmed by centuries of promises made and promises broken. We have a saying among Black Americans, which explains Mammas caution. If you ask a Negro where hes been, hell tell you where hes going (Angelou 164). In this paragraph Maya Angelou lets us know why Negroes at that time were so shield of their privacy and how this related to Mamma telling them a part truth to cover up the real truth for them being sent away. Maya effectively develops Mamma through the situation that occurred when Bailey came home in horror When I passed the calaboose, some men had just fished him o ut of the pond. He was wrapped in a sheet, all rolled up like a mummy, and then a discolour man walked over and pulled the sheet off. The man was on his back but the white man struck his foot under the sheet and rolled him over on the stomach. (Angelou 167). Mammas instinct told her to get those kids out of there, no sister should have to witness the atrocity of a murdered body. Whatever the real reason, The Truth, for taking us to California, I shall always think it lay mostly in an incident in which Bailey had the leading part (Angelou 165). Mammas action to get the children away solidifies the readers faith in her as being a strong, goodish and caring individual.c)A story that illustrates life in those times is Baileys incident by the river. This illustrates the racism and unfairness against Negroes, and the senseless violence against them. Then a white man walked over and pulled the sheet off. The man was on his back but the white man stuck his foot under the sheet and roll ed him over on the stomach My, he had no color at all. He was bloated like a ball. (Angelou 167)Any white person could kill a black person, and instead of being punished they were congratulated and given encouragement. Also, the black people had become desensitized so seeing their own people murdered since it was a frequent occurrence.

Politics and Money Essay -- What is Politics?

The late Alabama g all overnor George Wallace once said, Theres not a dimes worth of difference between Republicans and Democrats. Both Republicans and Democrats agree on pickings our money. Where they differ is what to spend it on. A Democrat agrees to take our earnings and give them to cities and poor people. A Republican agrees to take our earnings and give them to farmers and failing businesses.Republicans pretend dominated both houses of Congress since 1994, a year when federal spending was $1.5 trillion. Less than a decade later federal spending in 2002 was over $2.1 trillion, a 37 percent increase. Some politicians might argue that the war on terrorism has been responsible for the massive spending increase. Thats nonsense According to a recent report titled Most New Spending Since 2001 Unrelated to the War on Terrorism by Brian Riedl, a research fellow at the Heritage Foundation, over half of all new spending since 2001 has been unrelated to defense and the 9/11 attacks. Just from 2001 through 2003, federal spending change magnitude $296 billion, of which $100 billion (34%) went to national defense $32 billion (11%) went to 9/11 costs, such as homeland security, International aid, and rebuilding damage make by the 9/11 attacks. About $164 billion (55%) went to spending completely unrelated to either defense or terrorist attacks. Most of the spending represents government pickings the earnings of one American and giving it to another American. Such acts are little more than legalized theft. How did legalized theft become so acceptable for it is not go against of our history? Lets look at some of that history.In 1794, James Madison, the acknowledged father of our Constitution, wrote disapprovingly of a $15,000 appropriation for Fren... ...e its the American people. Politicians are elected to stance on the promise that they will deliver to one group of Americans the earnings that belong to another group of Americans or they will confer a additional p rivilege on one group of Americans that will be denied another. A politician who disavows this practice will not be elected or if elected run out of office and the reason is simple.If a politician doesnt use his office to deliver another Americans earnings to his constituency, it doesnt mean that his constituency will pay scorn federal taxes. It only means another states citizens will enjoy the loot. Thus, when legalized theft becomes routine it pays for everyone to participate. Those not participating will end up as losers. mend becoming a recipient of stolen property is optimal for the individual, it spells devastation for the nation as a whole.

Politics and Money Essay -- What is Politics?

The late Alabama goernor George Wallace once said, Theres not a dimes worth of difference between Republicans and Democrats. Both Republicans and Democrats agree on fetching our money. Where they differ is what to spend it on. A Democrat agrees to take our earnings and give them to cities and poor people. A Republican agrees to take our earnings and give them to farmers and failing businesses.Republicans throw away dominated both houses of Congress since 1994, a year when federal spending was $1.5 trillion. Less than a decade later federal spending in 2002 was over $2.1 trillion, a 37 percent increase. Some politicians might argue that the war on terrorism has been responsible for the massive spending increase. Thats nonsense According to a recent report titled Most New Spending Since 2001 Unrelated to the War on Terrorism by Brian Riedl, a research fellow at the Heritage Foundation, over half of all new spending since 2001 has been unrelated to defense and the 9/11 attacks. Just f rom 2001 through 2003, federal spending change magnitude $296 billion, of which $100 billion (34%) went to national defense $32 billion (11%) went to 9/11 costs, such as homeland security, International aid, and rebuilding damage do by the 9/11 attacks. About $164 billion (55%) went to spending completely unrelated to either defense or terrorist attacks. Most of the spending represents government fetching the earnings of one American and giving it to another American. Such acts are little more than legalized theft. How did legalized theft become so acceptable for it is not place of our history? Lets look at some of that history.In 1794, James Madison, the acknowledged father of our Constitution, wrote disapprovingly of a $15,000 appropriation for Fren... ...e its the American people. Politicians are take to postal service on the promise that they will deliver to one group of Americans the earnings that belong to another group of Americans or they will confer a especial(a) pri vilege on one group of Americans that will be denied another. A politician who disavows this practice will not be elected or if elected run out of office and the reason is simple.If a politician doesnt use his office to deliver another Americans earnings to his constituency, it doesnt mean that his constituency will pay bring low federal taxes. It only means another states citizens will enjoy the loot. Thus, when legalized theft becomes routine it pays for everyone to participate. Those not participating will end up as losers. duration becoming a recipient of stolen property is optimal for the individual, it spells devastation for the nation as a whole.

REI Marketing Environment Worksheet Essay

1. Consumer incomes- As consumer incomes change the ability to sell non-essential goods is directly affected. REI sells non-essential goods. If consumer incomes atomic number 18 rising they will have discretionary income and REI should benefit. If Consumer incomes are mat or decreasing REI will see a negative clashing on sales. 2. pompousness- Inflation is a measure of the decrease in the value of money. This pith that if inflation is increasing it will take more money to purchase the same product. Again with REI they sell non-essential products and would be negatively affected by inflation. Inflation has not been a problem but it is predicted to be in the future so REI must factor this into their sales and grocery storeing strategy.Global EconomyHow does the legitimate global economy affect REI retail operations?1. Since REI is not a global company they are less affected by the global economy. They are not immune however as the global downturn affects the U.S. economy as a w hole. This in turn does have a secondary way out on REI. 2. Since the global economy directly affects the U.S. economy any downturn in the global economy is going to have a negative impact on the U.S. economy therefore having a secondary effect on REI. This would have the same effect as mentioned in the U.S. economy in mapping one.Legal and Regulatory EnvironmentWhat types of legal and regulatory forces affect REI in the U.S.?1.Federal, state and local regulations and agencys affect REI as well as every other business. The Federal Trade Commission regulates competition to avoid unfair practices. The Consumer Protection Agency helps protect thehealth and safety of consumers. Since REI has many clubby label products they must make sure that they are safe to avoid lawsuits and huge fines. 2. Since REI is a consumer Cooperative they also have some other regulations that regularise how they manage their business. This does give them some tax advantages everyplace the competition but may be a disadvantage when it comes to retained earnings and investments.Socio-Cultural ForcesWhat types of social and finale trends affect REI?1. REI has built its business on cultural trends. They are very environmentally friendly and very involved in special causes that relate to their business. They market to a special group of consumers that have similar believes and are involuntary to purchase products to support that believe. This is an example of Relationship Marketing and REI has been very successful with this strategy. 2. REI, check to their website hosted over 750 volunteer events to help the local community and environment. REI started in Seattle which is a perfect market for this type of approach. This market is very socially driven and willing to support companies that also have similar believes with the environment. This also may be a limiting factor when looking at future growth for REI. in particular is the economy takes a further downturn.Technological ForcesW hat type of technology changes affect REI?1. Changes in manufacturing techniques can have a huge impact. If similar products that REI sells become cheaper from a competitor due to technology advancements it has a direct impact on REI. They will either have to advance with the technology, change suppliers and/or manufacturing, or annul price and margin to compete. Either way this is a threat to REI. 2. Another example of how technology can affect REI is simply in customer information. Who their customers are, the purchase habits, personal information, disposable income etc A company that is tied into this data and uses it as a guide to their marketing strategy will have an advantageover a company that does not. As a consumer coop REI has the ability to have a more complete data base than a non coop.Competitive forces are also a part of the marketing environment, and we will review those in this units second assignment.

Crash Movie Essay Essay

One must never judge or discriminate a psyche found on their physical attri preciselyes. Prejudice and discrimination directed against someone of a different race is known as racism. It is evident in the movie Crash directed by Paul Haggis, that people misconceive differents due to judgement on their physical traits. Through by the movie, the characters living in Los Angeles grammatical case the ch entirelyenges of fitting in a town populated by people of different colours. The offenders are the whitened people whereas the victims are everyone else.The presence of racism is the main(prenominal) cause of every conflict that occurs in the movie. The majority of the racism involved in the movie is towards the negro population. They are perceived as thugs, thieves and murderers. In the blood of the movie, two black friends, Anthony and shot, are walking in a strictly white neighbourhood feeling discriminated as they chat amongst themselves, being racist towards white people. They mention how they are seen from a white persons point of view and at that moment, Jean Cabot and her husband walk towards their car.The two pull out their guns and aim at their heads, taking away their fomite. The two boys are dressed in baggy sweaters, displaying a thuggish style, which provokes Jeans judgement on them. Anthony has cornrows and ray is wearing a toque, as they walk with swag. Later on, Jean snaps at her husband and mentions how she was already aware that the two black friends were going to dislocate their car 10 seconds before it actually happened, based on their physical appearance. racial discrimination towards black people is in like manner highlighted through the character of Officer earth-closet Ryan.As Ryan is driving, he is told on the radio, that a car has been stolen, Jean Cabots car, and another car of the same model is driving ahead of Ryan. Knowing that the vehicle in front of him isnt the stolen car, Ryan makes the driver, a black man, pull over a nd he molests his wife, leaving them humiliated, which creates a drift in the married couples relationship. Cameron, the black driver that was pulled over by Officer Ryan, remains quiet while his wife is being touched by the officer because he is afraid. If he speaks up, not only will he put in jail but he will also be humiliated if his colleagues find out.Racism isnt only towards the black population of the town, it is demonstrated in many other ethnicities as well. Jean Cabot is a woman who believes her race, white, is superior than any other race including black and hispanic. Jean is also very rude towards her maid Maria, and she gets angry at her over the lightst things. She is also convinced that mexicans are gangsters so, when Daniel is changing the locks at her house, she demands that they get redone the next day, fearing that Daniel will sell a copy of her house keys to one of his gangster friends.Farhad, a persian man with a strong accent, is also humiliated by a gun store owner when hes trying to buy a gun. The victims of racism realize that the behaviour towards them is raw so they find ways to stand up for themselves. Cameron, with his marriage life a stake, snaps at police officers when he is pulled over once again. Officer tom Hansen saves Camerons life otherwise, the other police officers wouldve shot him. Cameron was once mistreated which shook his family life and created a gap between him and his wife therefore, he didnt want the white people to take control of his life.Daniel, who was always mistaken for a gangster was in conclusion fed up with it. As he was pickle the locks of Farhads store, Farhad calls him a cheater because he thought Daniel didnt do his job. Daniel doesnt take the money from Farhad and leaves, having done his job properly, yet Farhad believes that Daniel is a liar. not only do the victims stand up for themselves but the offenders also realize the grave mistake they were making by judging people based on their looks.O fficer Ryan sees an accident and as a police officer, it is his job to rescue the injured people. When he goes to save the person in the car, he sees that its Camerons wife, the woman he molested earlier. She doesnt want him touching her because he is the cause of her marital problems. After rescuing her, almost sacrificing his own life, he realizes that he was wrong about mistreating her earlier. Jean Cabot, the egotistical woman, falls down a flight of stairs, spraining her ankle and Maria, her maid she mistreated, helps her and takes her to the hospital.Jean, a lonely woman with fake friends, then realizes that the only person whos true to you is the person who stands by you in the hard times, not the good times. She hugs Maria and tells her that she is her best friend. Throughout the entire movie, the only person who hadnt discriminated anyone based on physical appearance was officer Tom Hansen. After watching Officer Ryan molest Christine, Camerons wife, he no longer wants to cypher with Ryan. He transfers to a different officer because he couldnt take the racism Ryan had towards the citizens.Peter, asking for a lift, gets a ride from Hansen off the road. At first, Hansen notices Peters dirty shoes and torn sweater. In the car, Hansen is playing country music and Peter admits to liking country music but due to his appearance, Hansen doesnt believe him. Usually people dressed like Peter enjoy rap or hip hop style. Frustrated Peter remarks a little statue on Hansens dashboard, similar to the one he has in his pocket. Peter then starts express emotion and Hansen starts worrying and continuously asking Peter what he is laughing about.Peter doesnt tell Hansen so, he pulls over and asks him to leave his car. Peter, trying to convince Hansen, reaches for his pocket to show the statue and tell him what he is laughing about but Hansen fears that Peter may be pulling out a gun to shoot at him. As Peter takes the statue out of his pocket, Hansen pulls the trigger and kills Peter. It is ironic because Hansen, the person who doesnt judge anyone throughout the entire film, is the one who kills someone based on their physical appearance. Peter was the only person who died in the movie. Peters death was not a mistake.Hansen intended to kill Peter but only because of the way he was presenting himself and the way he was dressed. Anyone couldve been mistaken but Hansen, amongst all the other characters, was least likely. Racism was one of the main themes that Paul Haggis was trying to show the viewers. Throughout the movie we see how citizens are discriminated, classified and generalized based on their physical traits. We also see how different cultures try to make other cultures inferior to them. Racism also shows a persons permissiveness and how they cope with difficult stages in life and what it takes to make them lose all their patience.People also reach a certain limit of disrespecting others and what triggers their conscience to finally be a ware of the way they have mistreated the people around them is also evident in the movie. Racism is an issue that has been going on in the world for over a hundred years and it still exists today. In order to break the cycle of racism, we must seek into ourselves and think before nifty others because someday, we can also be discriminated. Our world is filled with different cultures, people and colours, but at the end of the day, we are all human.

Balance your schedule as an athlete and student

One of the greatest challenges that students face directly lies in balancing their schedule. While the primacy of academics has never really been questioned, the presence of several studies showing that it is also important to be well rounded. The biggest problem with that, however, is finding the conviction to address the needs of academics and that of extra-curricular activities, particularly for student athletes. As such, the most important thing for an student athlete to do in order to be subject to cope with the daily duties as well as the workload in school is to have proper magazine management techniques.It is oft heard that time is something that everyone needs a slew of but never has enough of. The key therefore is in being able to make the most out of the limited time that is available. The first step in doing this is by making a list and finding out just how your time is currently being worn out(p) recording the number of hours in class, for study, at work, at home a nd for recreation. This provides the student with an idea of just where most of the time goes and whether or not there argon areas which are given more time than others.With the list, it is now possible to determine just how much time is really needed and what the time wasters are. This will suffer the student to maximize the time left for studying and school related activities. Having a psycheal pocketbook calendar or organizer helps in this situation because it gives the individual a snapshot of the daily activities and when there is time saved after doing a certain task, it allows the individual to adjust the rest of the schedule and circularize more time for studying. Another technique is by trying to multi-task.While this technique may not be optimal for certain types of individuals, with proper training, any person can effectively multi-task to maximize the limited time. The key here is in being able to identify which tasks can be merged with others and which tasks have si milarities with others. keen chores can be fit in with the regular tasks to save time because even small chores if done individually can consume a lot of time. These time management techniques will allow students to effectively allocate the limited time that is available to study and also fulfill the other daily obligations at work and at home.

Hamlet & Ophelia

byout the play of juncture, one constantly questions if settlement is actually in hunch over with Aphelia. His intentions are difficult to determine it often appears as though he is non in chouse with her at all, besides is in fact repulsed by her. Hamlet even insists that Aphelia leave him, and everyone else in her life, in his immortal line, Get thee to a nunnery (Ill. L. Pl 25), thus sending her away to lead a life of solitude.However, disdain these statements from Hamlet, his other actions give way to the idea that Hamlet not only retires Aphelia, but also cares for her so deeply that he shoot the breezes her as a liability. He treats her terribly and insists that she leave him in order to protect her from being hurt or killed by his enemies. It is here that we see that, indeed, Hamlet really does extol Aphelia. The close together(predicate) that Hamlet ever comes to stating his love is in Act Ill. Hamlet says to Aphelia, l did love you (Ill. L. Pl 25). However, he th en goes on to tell her he does not love her.During this conversation, Hamlet believes someone may be eavesdropping on them. This is proven by Hamlets question, Wheres your father? (Ill. L. IPPP). Aphelia states that he is at home. Hamlet replies with, Let the doors be shut upon him that he may play the fool nowhere but in s own house (Ill. L. IPPP-44). This quote suggests that Polonium, Aphelions father, is eavesdropping on Hamlet and foreshadows that he may be planning something as a result. Hamlet would never want to give away his true intentions for Aphelia to one of his enemies, such as Polonium, and therefore lies to Aphelia about his intentions for her.His love for her is so deep that he is entrusting to make her believe that he does not love her in order to rote her. Another example of Hamlet admitting his love for Aphelia is in the letter that he sends her. Hamlet writes, Never doubt I love. (11. 11. IPPP). He tells her that among and between everything else around her, hi s love for her is real. This is the one time to begin with Aphelions finis that Hamlet reveals his true feelings. He feels he can do this in writing, as Hamlet believes only Aphelia will read the letter, as irrelevant to one of his enemies, such as Polonium.Hamlet knew he had to hide his love for Aphelia and act in a different manner to protect her. His plan backfires however when Aphelia schnittlaugh the letter, as she gives it to her father. Not even in writing can Hamlet admit his true feelings for Aphelia without the information of his vulnerability slipping into the wrong hands. Throughout the play, Hamlets love for Aphelia is questioned. Hamlet acts as if he does not love Aphelia in order to trick everyone else into thinking that he does not care about her. Hamlet does not want Aphelia to belong involved with him because if Claudia decides to get revenge on Hamlet, she would die.Hamlet shows his love for Aphelia when he confesses to her that he loved her, when he sends he r the deter, and when he finds out that she has died. But some could argue that Hamlet never loved Aphelia that he fell out of love with her or he never loved her in the first engineer but was simply driven insane by his fathers death and attempted to use her feelings for him to his reward. Needless to say, there is concrete information pointing to Hamlets love being true. Hamlet simply was not able to state it bluntly in order to protect Aphelia.Rexes Manchester Mr.. Lowe Is Hamlet a misogynist? If so, what might be the pathology of this vile trouble oneself? Throughout the play Hamlet accuses women of being adulterous, uncaring and soonest creatures. Hamlets misogynistic feelings towards women come from his mother, Gertrude, and, unfortunately, Aphelia becomes part of his thoughts as wellspring. Hamlets mother is the cause for his suspicion towards women. Gertrude hasty, and incestuous, remarriage to Claudia, within a calendar week of the kings death causes anguish, sufferi ng and distress for Hamlet.This leads him to question the true heartiness of all women O most wicked speed, to post with such dexterity to incestuous sheets It is not nor it cannot come to good, but break, my heart, for I must hold my tongue. (1. 11. Up 56-157) As the story goes on Gertrude becomes a cruel, adulterous and insupportable woman in Hamlets eyes. Nay, but to live in the rank sweat of an misnamed bed, stews in corruption, honeying and making lovers the nasty In this climatic scene Hamlet finally shows an intense desire to just his mothers soul by trying to induce her that she must repent for the marriage to Claudia.Hamlet attempts to teach Gertrude that celibacy becomes easier the more time goes on and the more one practices. As a consequence, it seems, the misogynist that is Hamlet egging to break down. Which is why Aphelia is so important with in the story, she becomes a victim of Hamlets anger that leads us to discover if he is sincerely yours a misogynist or not. I t is Aphelia, the passive character in the relationship that has become the unlucky victim. Aphelia believed that Hamlet possessed real love for her, but so ofttimes to the point that he became mad for her love. (2284) She accepted his love letters and acknowledged his indications. However, Hamlet becomes so concerned with how vengeful women are to men, or that they are a considerable threat to myself, and that he cannot stop for a moment and realize the pain he is causing Aphelia because of it. In the end, classifying Hamlet as a misogynist does not suffice to the difficult and realistic character of Hamlet. For, as it turns out, the feelings of hatred towards women were only because of the moments that he was caring and concerned with Aphelia and his mother.Though it is irresolute that he would have ever trusted a woman again but at the end he does reveal his love for Gertrude and Aphelia. Does Claudia murder his brother for his mint or his wife? Claudia is Hamlets uncle, brothe r to king Hamlet. tabby Hamlet has been killed and a week after his death, Claudia became king and King Hamlets wife, Gertrude, remarries to Claudia. The murder of King Hamlet is much like what we see in the Bible. Cain commits the first murder by killing his brother Able while he is sleeping peacefully in a garden.Much like this murder, Claudia murders his brother by pouring poison in his ear while he is sleeping in his own garden. Throughout the story Claudia hardiness is tested and finally he admits his offense is rank and smells to heaven because it hath the primal eldest curse upon, a brothers murder (111. 11. 111). Claudia not only murdered King Hamlet for the throne but for his wife Gertrude as well. He evermore possessed the secondary role to his brother for quite sometime and because he was always second to King Hamlet, he became Jealous.The fact that King Hamlet was always busy in state affairs and fights could the reason for Gertrude loneliness, which brought her close r to Claudia. After the death of King Hamlet, support of Claudia gave Gertrude a way out to prevail over the situation and heartache. Weak moral strength in Gertrude made it simple for Claudia to convince her to marry him. After this it was simple for Claudia to have Gertrude become loyal to him, this also made him the father of Hamlet and brought his worries of revolt to a close as well as Hamlets royal right to become king.As Claudia took over the throne and married his brothers wife, it also would make sense to say that he took over the throne so Hamlet would not be king. Also, Claudia had to ascend the throne nearly immediately since Denmark was on the brink of war with Norway. Finally, Claudia took the throne because if he had not, Hamlet would have become king and would have figured out that Claudia murdered is father and would have had him murdered anyways since that is the mandate of this story. Claudia married for two reasons.He wanted to solidify his image in the kingdom a s king and he simply was in the dire need of romance. As the opportunity to do both of those came about he took advantage of it, but as he did that turned his newly owned kingdom into turmoil. Rexes Manchester The play opens in the dark. Two men a foot apart cannot see each other. A Ghost appears. Why has Shakespeare begun the play thus? What does it tell us about the nature of his earshot? Shakespeare begins Hamlet in immediate suspense. on that point is no lighting and only two people on stage.The reason for this is to get the audiences attention from the beginning, without a strong introduction of the play the audience will be bored and unhappy with the performance. The audience at the globe theatre is rather uncivilized. Throughout the play itself the audience is drinking, eating and standing. Everyone in the audience is broadly speaking dirtying, smelly and not very intellectual. If the actors were not performing at their highest level, things would be thrown on stage, the a udience would become irritated ND the situation would step to the fore very quickly to the point that there would be a riot.Shakespeare uses the tactic of introducing a ghost first because it conveys the overall setting of the play, which is suspense, mysteriousness, puzzlement and most of all, curiosity. Through this introduction there is no need for a narrator to come out on stage and say the play is beginning. Due to the mysteriousness the crowd becomes silent, as they are anxious to find out what the play is about. Without the beginning of the play starting as it does, there would be no way to have the audience cooperate for a long period of time.

Discrimination In Employment

Discrimination of human beings has always existed through show up society, and most probably will always continue in this fashion. For centuries raft have been discriminating some others and have been discriminated against for factors that they argon powerless to prevent, much(prenominal) as their skin colour, sexuality or gender.However, with a new multi-cultural society being created, lavation has now become the principal family of favoritism throughout the world. Making it the primary source of unlikeness within multi-cultural companies and thus the utilise custodyt sector, due to the mellowed number of different races being present. To tackle this situation numerous steps have been taken within the political setting to stamp out inequality within study.The main federal laws in place prohibiting manipulation discrimination, more noticeably recognised as the Federal Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Laws, are Title VII of the Civil Rights issue of 1964 (Title VII), w hich prohibits employment discrimination based on race, colour, religion, sex, or national origin the Equal Pay Act of 1963 (EPA), which protects men and women who perform substantially equal work in the same establishment from sex-based wage discrimination the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA), which protects individuals who are 40 years of age or older Title I and Title V of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), which prohibit employment discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities in the private sector, and in state and local governments Sections 501 and 505 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which prohibit discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities who work in the federal government and the Civil Rights Act of 1991, which, among other things, provides m unmatchabletary damages in cases of intentional employment discrimination (EEO). DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT Page2 The U. S.Equal Employment Opportunity commi ttal (EEOC) enforces these laws and is open for interaction with any citizen residing within the United States of America. Meaning that any individual is able to legally file a complaint or wooing against a union, if they desire that a company has broken one of these laws against them. Title VII prohibits not only intentional discrimination, but also practices that have the kernel of discriminating against individuals because of their race, colour, national origin, religion, or sex and thitherfore it is illegal to discriminate against an individual because of birthplace, ancestry, culture, or linguistic characteristics common to a specific ethnic concourse.This is the chancellor law that racial discrimination law sheaths base their foundation upon, as the actions of the employer to the employee illegally contradict the laws principals. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 states that it is illegal to discriminate against any employee or applicant because of their race, and that it i s unlawful in regard to hiring, termination, compensation, assignment, or classification of employees transfer, promotion, layoff, or recall job advertisements recruitment testing use of company facilities education and apprenticeship programs fringe benefits pay, retirement plans, and disability leave or any other condition within the realm of employment (VII).This therefore requires employers to provide equal employment opportunities to individuals, no matter what their race, colour or creed. However, if a promotion request of a albumen male within a company is received, whilst the request of an Asiatic male is jilted, the reasoning for this could easily be seen as racial discrimination against the Asian male. Allowing him to legally attempt to prosecute the company on grounds of unlawful practise, despite if the intentions of the employer were actually innocent. This situation was the case for small Solicitors firm where an Asian male successfully sued the company for over $ 3,000, as he believed he was rejected for promotion upon racial grounds.The firm was a dominant Caucasian enterprise within an area known for racial tension, between the Asian and DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT Page3 Caucasian communities. The employer stated that he believed the Caucasian male was more suited to the position, despite the Asian male having greater sustain and more relevant qualifications. In October of 2005, Judge Sir Peter Irwin Casewell, ruled in favour of the Asian male, as he believed that racial discrimination had occurred and that employment laws had been breached. He ordered that the manager of the company, Mr. Edward K. Turrent, was to pay a sum of $3,200 in compensational damages to Mr.Aafiya Mumbtaz, for racial discrimination against the employee, hindering the progress of the individuals career prospects, and disrespecting the employment laws set in place by the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title VII (2&3). Due to the company being located within a racially a erated area. I can fully understand the reasoning why the Asian male sportythorn feel repressed, and that the effecting variables were due to racial discrimination. Therefore I can understand why the company was suspected of breaking the civil amends act, as they refused promotion of a man of a different race, yet accepted a man of a their own creed, a breach of employment regulation.However, I do not believe that this incident was sufficient enough to mete out the victim over $3,000, as there is also the highly likely possibility that the company was acting accordingly. With the event occurring within a racially charged area, there is even the possibility that the Asian male was acting out of racial discrimination himself. Enforcing his revenge upon the Caucasian dominated firm, as he may be a racist individual, attempting to affect the business controlled by an opposite race. An additional reason why I would not have taken such drastic action is due to the fact that the Solici tors firm, whose workforce was a mere 12, employed the Asian male knowing that he was of a different race.If the company had practised racial discrimination, surely they would have rejected Mr. Mumbtaz upon application of the position, rather than reject his request for a promotion. DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT Page4 This to me shows deduction that a racist management did not control the firm, and therefore no racial discrimination within the business took place. Upon a more globose scale, Apple Computers have recently been charged with a $40 million racial discrimination causal agent, charging the company of unfair dismissal an African-American employee. Described by the plaintiffs attorney as one the largest racial discrimination cases in U. S.history, the suit alleges that the former employee was denied promotions and standard perks, isolated from co-workers and then fired for a trivial offence. The suit was filed on October 30th in Santa Clara County Superior Court. The plain tiff, who did not reveal his name because he is currently smell for work, was an Apple employee from 1998 until he was fired in July 2005, on the job(p) as a product design engineer. The lawsuit alleges that the plaintiff was fired after he brought a friend to work in April 2005, to encourage him to quest for a college education. Waukeen Q. McCoy, the plaintiffs attorney, stated that he believes his client has an exceptionally strong case for discrimination and termsful termination.His white counterparts have not been disciplined or ended for bringing a friend or family member to campus, and it is a way for them to get him out of the company, McCoy stated. He also believed that the plaintiff was receiving less pay than his white counterparts, an act that would be breaking employment laws. After bringing the friend to Apples campus, the plaintiff was suspended, leading the company to launch an investigation before terminating the employee who is now steady without employment, c urrently looking for work in Silicon Valley. McCoy said that the employee had no prior problems and had an above average work record. When new management took control of the plaintiffs surgical incision within the company, he was immediately moved into a separate cubicle away from the rest of his groupDISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT Page5 for no seeming(a) reason. This formed the foundations of the lawsuit as it provided a suspect indication of racial discrimination towards the employee. The attorney for this case, Waukeen Q. McCoy, has a track record for successfully prosecuting racial discrimination lawsuits. He was the lead plaintiffs attorney in the largest racial discrimination suit in U. S. history, the infamous Carroll v. Interstate Brands Corporation case. Interstate Brands, makers of Wonder Bread and other consumer foods, was sued by 15 African-American employees for refusing to hire and promote African-American employees.In August 2000, a jury awarded the plaintiffs $135 mil lion, leading the case to be voted Verdict of the twelvemonth by Verdicts & Settlements Magazine. Waukeen Q. McCoy stated that he would be willing to settle the case if Apple made a reasonable offer. However this request has fallen upon desensitise ears, as Apple have so far failed to respond to the letters that McCoy has sent. Waukeen Q. McCoy said to reporters I think this is certainly something that corporate America should look at and think twice about doing to someone, singling them out like this, whereas a spokesperson for Apple declined to comment on the case, citing a company policy of not discussing unfinished litigation (Apple).Unlike the previous case of the solicitors firm where I believe the employee was at fault, and discrimination was free from the employment sector, it is most likely that racial discrimination did and so occur within the Apple firm. The United States of America has a tradition of African-American slavery and due to this, racial discrimination is t he main assumption as to why an African-American person should be sacked by a Caucasian company. However, with this conjecture comes the fact that it is also easy for an Africa-American male to claim that he was the victim of racial discrimination, as he knows the topic will receive a great deal of coverage, and put the company who he believes has offended him under significant pressure. The reasoning for this may be money driven, as they know DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT Page6that the company may agree upon an out of court settlement, protecting the companys image and reputable status. Despite this, my opinion that racial discrimination was present is made almost certain by the accounts of the African-American being moved into a separate cubical for no apparent reason, and the fact that the African-American man was prosecuted for actions that his Caucasian counterparts were not. In doing this, I believe that the Apple firm has neglected the laws of the civil rights movement by not cohering to the laws of pay, fringe benefits, and the usage of the company facilities therefore using racial discrimination against there employee, and should consequently receive punishment for their actions.Unlike the previous lawsuit, the Apple Company has a large workforce and employment system. As a result, this means that they obviously employ a great deal more employees due to the high number of jobs available. This presents the possibility of employing African-American individuals out of necessity rather than out of preference. Holding mischief and racial discrimination against the employee from his arrival to the organisation. Lawsuits such as this cannot so easily be assessed due to the nature of the event, as there is no actual evidence that whatever occurred originated from racially driven motives consequently meaning that the case is therefore based upon opinions and beliefs.My personal outlook upon the term racism itself, the main factor of racial discrimination, is t hat it refers to beliefs or practices that differences exist between the genetics of various groups of human beings and that these differences can be measured upon a scale of superior to inferior. This therefore presents the theory that one race is greater than the other, which is the outlook upon life I believe a racist person preaches. If a person believes that their race if superior to others, I do not think that they themselves should be judged against the law, due to the fact that it is there belief, only there actions. Thus the outcome of the Apple Computer court case and the bulk of Discrimination withinDISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT Page7 Employment lawsuits, mainly Racial Discrimination, are forced upon becoming based upon the issues of morals and ethics. Morality is a complex set of principles based on cultural, religious, and philosophical concepts and beliefs, by which an individual determines whether his or her actions are right or wrong. These concepts and beliefs are of ten generalized and systematise by a culture or group, and thus serve to regulate the behaviour of its members. Conformity to such codification may also be called morality, and the group may depend on widespread conformity to such codes for its continued existence.A moral may refer to a particular principle, usually as sluttish and a general summary with respect to a moral principle, as it is applied in a given human situation (Morals). I believe that this financial statement shows that racial discrimination is indeed a moral topic, due to each race having their own morals, and most probably there racial actions originating from their form of morality. However despite this racial discrimination lawsuits cannot be assessed using this theory of philosophy, as morals do not determine what is right or wrong in the aspects of society, only for the particular individual in question. Ethics however refer to standards of conduct that indicate how one should behave, based upon moral dutie s and virtues which themselves are derived from the principles of right and wrong.In order to apply this definition to practical decision-making it is necessary to specify the nature of the moral obligations considered intrinsic to ethical behaviour. There are two aspects to ethics the first-class honours degree involves the ability to discern right from wrong, good from evil, and propriety from impropriety whilst the second involves the commitment to do what is right, good and proper (Ethics). Due to this, I believe that this statement can easily be applied to the events that occur within the cases of racial discrimination within employment as what employers have done to employees may not break the employment laws directly, however they impede the ethical laws within human society. DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT Page8If the situation of the Asian male lawsuit involved members of the same race, with the outcome being the same, it is most likely that no action would have been taken. H owever, if the situation within Apple Computers had involved a Caucasian male instead of an African American male, and the case was still taken to court. The lawsuit would then have to be resolved via the means of morals, as no(prenominal) of the employment laws would have been breached. This therefore leads to the conclusion that discrimination within employment is that of an ethical matter rather than being based upon moral principles. From what has been presented it is evident that discrimination occurs within the employment sector, no matter where the company is located, its size or the recognition that it withholds.It is not something that can easily be seen or addressed, such as the punctuality of an employee, and even if it is noticed it is then even more complicated to have any action taken. Throughout the world there is employment employees looking for work, and employers looking for employees. Due to this there will always be racially mixed companies and, as long as there are racial boundaries, racial discrimination within employment. Despite fair employment practises being in place to prevent discrimination within employment, the outcome is usually blinded by the nature of the event. Human society itself should be able to prevent this discrimination, without the need of imposed laws or regulations within the workplace.

Competitive and internal information Essay

Write an essay on the typical main sources of work tuition generated both intern entirelyy and externally for public companies. How is such education used to establish a companys place in the market? deck your answer with examples from one or to a greater extent business sectors of your choice. INTRODUCTION Information consists of data that scram been retrieved, processed, or used for informative purposes, argument or as a basis for forecasting or decision making. Without schooling, a business cannot survive.A recipe for a good decision is 90 percent knowledge and 10 percent inspiration. Information is the catalyst of management and the ingredient that coalesces the managerial functions of homework, operating controlling. Managers depend on study for making decisions. Any organization is held in concert by the possession of means for the acquisition, use, retention and transmission of information. The purpose of management system is to develop plans for achieving objectives , to organize for implementing plan and to control performance so that plans and movements fall on schedule.The place of information in performing these ternion basis processes is shown in the future(a). MANAGEMENT PROCESS AND INFORMATION NEED 1) Performance against plan 2) Environmental, agonistic and internal information concurring problem and opportunities. Evaluation of 1 and 2 in order to Make a prediction of estimate of Alternative courses of action Alternative source. Prediction of results for alternative Courses of action. Communicate details of plan and Control standards. Performance against PK In the above figure for information need1) In the the first of all step, recognition of problem or an opportunity is prompted by information from the control process concerning a deviation from standard or by search and evaluation of those system (environmental, competitive, intimate) 2) Definition of problem, determination and evaluation of alternative course of action. 3) Once a decision is made, it is necessary to implement and control a solution. Among the above steps, planning information call for of an organization can be classified into three broad types. 1) Environmental 2) Competitive 3) Internal 1) Environmental information It can be classified as(A) Political and Government consideration whatever information on political stability is important for forecasting plans. (B) Demographic and Social trends Some information is necessary to forecast the Social Trends and consumer buying behavior for both the long and short run. (C) Economic Trends. Employment, Productivity and numerals other economic indicators provide important planning information for the firms whose output is a function of these important variables (D) Technological environment Some information is necessary to forecast the technological changes in their labor and probable effect on the firm.(2) Competitive information. Information concerning factors that affects the operation of the firm within an industry includes data concerning industry and firm demand as salutary as the data on the competitors. The information can be classified into three types. They are (a) Industry Demand. Information is needed for forecasting the demand for the trade and the corresponding level of operation of a single firm. (b) Firm Demand The demand for products of an case-by-case firm is a function of the Industry demand and the capabilities and activities of the individual firm relative to the capabilities and action of competing firms.(c) Competition Data on competing firms are very important for forecasting the individual demand and making decisions and plans to achieve the forecast. (3) Internal information They are vital for subsidiary planning at all levels in the organization. Internal data are aimed at an identification of the organizations strength and weakness.. The types of internal information are (A) Sales forecast Some information is necessary for forecasting the Sales. (B) The mo pelfary plan It is the system that links all activities of the company together. (C) PoliciesSome information is necessary to frame the basis policies for long run purpose. Data and information come from many sources both internal (inside the business) and external. This revision note summarizes the main sources Business data and information comes from multiple sources. The challenge for a business is to capture and use information that is relevant and reliable. The main sources are INTERNAL INFORMATION Accounting records are a prime source of internal information. They detail the transactions of the business in the past which may be used as the basis for planning for the approaching (e. g.preparing a financial budget or forecast). The accounting records are primarily used to record what happens to the financial resources of a business. For example, how cash is obtained and spent what assets are acquired what profits or losses are made on the activities of the business. However, accounting records can provide much more than than financial information. For example, details of the products manufactured and delivered from a factory can provide useful information about whether quality standards are being met. Data examine from customer sales invoices provides a profile of what and to whom products are being sold.A lot of internal information is connected to accounting systems but is not like a shot part of them. For example Records of the people employed by the business (personal details what they get paid skills and experience training records) Data on the costs associated with business processes (e. g. costings for contracts entered into by the business) Data from the production department (e. g. number of machines capacity repair record) Data from activities in direct contact with the customer (e. g. analysis of calls received and bewildered in a call centre)A lot of internal information is also provided informally. For examp le, regular meetings of staff and management will result in the discourse of relevant information. SAMPLE SOURCES OF INTERNAL INFORMATION Balance Sheet of ICICI PERIOD ENDING 31-Mar-00 Assets Current Assets Cash And Cash Equivalents 1,479,000 Short landmark Investments acquit Receivables 194,000 broth other Current Assets centre Current Assets Long Term Investments 1,185,000 Property Plant and Equipment 48,000 Goodwill Intangible Assets Accumulated Amortization Other Assets 81,000Deferred Long Term Asset Charges Total Assets 2,987,000 Liabilities Current Liabilities Accounts Payable Short/Current Long Term Debt Other Current Liabilities 2,454,000 Total Current Liabilities Long Term Debt 57,000 Other Liabilities 215,000 Deferred Long Term Liability Charges Minority Interest Negative Goodwill Total Liabilities 2,726,000 Stockholders Equity Misc Stocks Options Warrants Redeemable Preferred Stock Preferred Stock frequent Stock 45,000 Retained Earnings 44,000 Trea sury Stock Capital Surplus 171,000 Other Stockholder Equity 1,000Total Stockholder Equity 261,000 Net veridical Assets $261,000 Source Yahoo finance Stock movement of I-Flex solutions Series Date Prev Close Open Price High Price Low Price support Price Close Price Total Traded Quantity Turnover in Lacs EQ 03-Mar-2008 1,078. 95 1,037. 00 1,080. 00 1,020. 00 1,029. 90 1,042. 55 17954 190. 31 EQ 04-Mar-2008 1,042. 55 1,020. 00 1,075. 00 1,017. 00 1,047. 65 1,048. 25 36723 382. 44 EQ 05-Mar-2008 1,048. 25 1,070. 00 1,070. 00 1,030. 15 1,045. 00 1,039. 20 22219 231. 63 EQ 07-Mar-2008 1,039. 20 1,021. 00 1,032. 00 983. 00 1,004. 95 1,001.50 22103 220. 45 EQ 10-Mar-2008 1,001. 50 955. 00 1,040. 00 946. 40 1,005. 00 1,015. 50 19099 192. 55 EQ 11-Mar-2008 1,015. 50 992. 50 1,065. 00 992. 50 1,045. 00 1,054. 65 21805 226. 22 EQ 12-Mar-2008 1,054. 65 1,100. 00 1,100. 00 1,000. 00 1,004. 00 1,007. 45 13398 139. 14 EQ 13-Mar-2008 1,007. 45 987. 05 1,010. 00 952. 00 954. 00 959. 10 15931 155. 65 EQ 14-Mar-2008 959. 10 962. 00 992. 00 920. 00 990. 00 983. 15 21685 210. 01 EQ 17-Mar-2008 983. 15 925. 00 970. 00 925. 00 965. 00 942. 95 12307 116. 99 EQ 18-Mar-2008 942. 95 931. 00 958. 50 925. 10 927. 00 936. 50 21230 200. 13EQ 19-Mar-2008 936. 50 970. 00 978. 00 922. 00 925. 00 925. 55 21245 199. 40 EQ 24-Mar-2008 925. 55 948. 00 950. 00 895. 00 905. 00 908. 25 21626 197. 55 EQ 25-Mar-2008 908. 25 913. 50 1,008. 00 913. 50 990. 10 992. 55 58576 571. 10 EQ 26-Mar-2008 992. 55 988. 90 1,027. 00 974. 00 974. 00 986. 85 33402 335. 28 EQ 27-Mar-2008 986. 85 975. 00 1,003. 00 935. 00 951. 05 947. 10 118566 1,140. 60 EQ 28-Mar-2008 947. 10 970. 00 994. 00 956. 00 976. 00 984. 40 21658 210. 89 EQ 31-Mar-2008 984. 40 970. 25 985. 00 935. 00 948. 20 941. 10 39622 376. 60 Source NSEINDIA EXTERNAL INFORMATIONAs the term implies, this is information that is obtained from outside the business. There are several categories of external information Information relating to way a business sh ould undertake its activities E. g. businesses need to keep records so that they can collect taxes on behalf of the government. So a business needs to obtain regular information about the taxation system (e. g. PAYE, VAT, Corporation Tax) and what actions it needs to take. Increasingly this variety of information (and the return forms a business needs to send) is provided in digital format.Similarly, a business needs to be aware of key legal areas (e. g. environmental legislation health & safety regulation involvement law). There is a whole publishing industry devoted to selling this kind of information to businesses. Information about the markets in which a business operates This kind of external information is critically important to a business. It is often referred to as market or competitive news program. Most of the external information that a business needs can be obtained from marketing research. commercializeing research can help a business do one or more of the followi ng1. Gain a more detailed understanding of consumers needs marketing research can help firms to discover consumers opinions on a spacious range of issues, e. g. , views on products prices, packaging, recent advertising campaigns 2. Reduce the risk of product/business failure there is no guarantee that any new thought will be a commercial success, but accurate and up-to-date information on the market can help a business fool informed decisions, hopefully leading to products that consumers want in sufficient numbers to achieve commercial success.3. Forecast future trends marketing research can not only provide information regarding the current state of the market but it can also be used to anticipate customer needs future customer needs. Firms can then make the necessary adjustments to their product portfolios and levels of output in order to remain successful. The information for marketing research tends to come from three main sources Internal Company Information e. g. sales, orders, customer profiles, stocks, customer service reportsMarketing intelligence this is a catch-all term to include all the everyday information about developments in the market that helps a business prepare and adjust its marketing plans. It can be obtained from many sources, including suppliers, customers and distributors. It is also possible to buy intelligence information from outside suppliers (e. g. Mintel, Dun and Bradstreet) who will produce commercial intelligence reports that can be sold profitably to any interested organization. Market research existing data from internal sources may not provide sufficient detail.Similarly, published reports from market intelligence organizations cannot always be relied upon to provide the up-to-date, relevant information required. In these circumstances, a business may need to commission specific studies in order to acquire the data required to support their marketing strategy. http//tutor2u. net/business/ict/intro_information_sou rces. htm SOURCES OF BUSINESS INFORMATION Details of following types of organizations are required to be maintained by NCTI for guiding entrepreneurs/exporters to approach to the right organization for acquire the desired information, assistance and help. Foreign Embassies/High Commissions/Consulate in India Indian Missions/Consulate abroad Chambers of Commerce & Industry Trade Promotion /Import Promotion Organizations merchandise Inspection Agencies Export Processing Zones in India and Abroad Details of these organizations are readily available with NCTI. http//archives. nic. in/ncti/ncti8. htm SAMPLE SOURCES OF EXTERNAL INFORMATION AMR Research Releases ERP Market Report Showing Overall Market Growth of 14% in 2004, Tuesday, June 14, 2005, Kevin Reilly As Market Consolidation Continues, Top 5 ERP Vendors Account for 72% of tax incomeToday, AMR Research released its annual report on the state of the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) market. The Market Analytix Report Ente rprise Resource Planning, 2004-2009 revealed that ERP market revenues increased 14% in 2004. The report indicates that approximately one-third of the outgrowth in the overall market was due to fluctuations in currency exchange rates. While the ERP market has boastful in revenue, consolidation continues to change the industry. In 1999, the top five vendors (J. D. Edwards, Baan, prophet, PeopleSoft, and fag) in the ERP market accounted for 59% of the industrys revenue.AMR Research expects the top five vendors in 2005 (SAP, Oracle, Sage Group, Microsoft, and SSA Global) to account for 72% of ERP vendors total revenue. The ERP market showed solid organic growth in 2004 as IT spending improved, says Jim Shepherd, vice president of research at AMR Research. The market was also affected by consolidation within the segment, as well as ERP vendors acquiring best-of-breed players to broaden their portfolios. While many ERP vendors struggled in 2004, SAP AG increased overall revenues by 17 % and license revenues by 20% without any acquisitions.SAPs ERP market share increased to more than 40%. Oracle nearly doubled the size of its application business through the acquisition of PeopleSoft, but AMR Research expects SAP to finish 2005 with more than double the revenue and market share of the combined Oracle-PeopleSoft. Report Findings and Analysis The report delivers revenue and growth rates for the top ERP players as well as growth forecasts through 2009. ERP vendors ranked by 2004 ERP license revenue can be seen in the chart below. The top ten ERP vendors by revenue include the following companiesThe report revealed several trends that affected the ERP market in 2004, including The ERP market is entering another major technology transition phase. Service Oriented Architectures (SOA) may have the same disruptive effect that other technologies have had on the market, such as the emergence of client-server systems had in the 1990s. The pace of acquisitions shows no sign of slowing down. Oracles purchase of Retek and vendors like Sage Group, SSA Global, Infor Global Solutions, and Epicor have all been very active in the M&A space and have crowing more rapidly than the overall ERP market.The midrange ($50M $1B in annual revenue) and SMB (less than $50M in annual revenue) markets continue to be a major focus area for many of the ERP vendors. Midrange solutions and carry are critically important for penetrating China, India, Eastern Europe, and Latin America. ERP buyers have moved away from large, upfront purchases. Now most tend to license substance abuser seats and functional ERP modules incrementally as they deploy a product. Along with widespread discounting, this has led to smaller average deal sizes. BANKS REPORT BY FDIC Dollar Amounts in BillionsFourth Quarter 2007 All Insured Institutions Commercial Banks Savings Institutions Credit Card Lenders Mortgage Lenders Number of FDIC-Insured 8,533 7,282 1,251 27 786 Number of FDIC-Supervised 5,197 4,772 425 10 317 Total Assets $ 13,039 11,176 1,863 479 1,334 Total Loans $ 7,906 6,626 1,280 369 944 Domestic Deposits $ 6,912 5,807 1,105 142 737 Net Income (QTR) $ 5. 816 10. 540 -4. 724 3. 027 -3. 230 Percent Profitable (QTR) % 82. 3 83. 2 77. 0 88. 9 79. 1 Average Return on Assets (QTR) % 0. 18 0. 38 -1. 00 2. 61 -0. 94 Average Return on Equity (QTR) % 1. 74 3.76 -8. 70 11. 96 -10. 51 Net Interest shore (QTR) % 3. 30 3. 38 2. 86 8. 97 2. 52 Equity to Assets % 10. 37 10. 24 11. 17 21. 26 8. 61 Noncurrent Loan Rate Total Loans * % 1. 39 1. 30 1. 86 2. 00 1. 87 Real Estate Loans % 1. 71 1. 62 2. 01 1. 81 1. 94 C&I Loans % 0. 66 0. 64 0. 92 2. 21 0. 88 Consumer Loans % 1. 43 1. 48 0. 98 2. 10 0. 96 Coverage Ratio ** % 92. 54 102. 84 55. 35 207. 47 45. 74 Net Charge-Off Rate All Loans (QTR) % 0. 83 0. 86 0. 68 4. 23 0. 66 Real Estate Loans (QTR) % 0. 44 0. 43 0. 49 2. 61 0. 54 C&I Loans (QTR) % 0. 87 0. 85 1. 24 5. 13 1.35 Consumer Loans (QTR) % 2. 75 2. 77 2. 54 4. 39 3. 16 Sour ce http//www. fdic. gov/bank/statistical/stats/2007dec/industry. hypertext mark-up language REFERENCES ? James O Brien, Management Information system, Tata Mcgraw Hill, 2007, Pg. 245-267. ? AMR Research Releases ERP Market Report Showing Overall Market Growth of 14% in 2004, Tuesday, June 14, 2005 Kevin Reilly ? Yahoo Finance ? www. nseindia. com ? http//archives. nic. in/ncti/ncti8. htm ? http//tutor2u. net/business/ict/intro_information_sources. htm http//www. fdic. gov/bank/statistical/stats/2007dec/industry. html

Criminological Theory Essay

Criminological theories are logical facts, which help us in understanding and analyzing crime and their causes. much(prenominal) theories are formed using statistics, case histories, official records and sociological field methods on bends and their activities. Criminological theories are mainly focused on crime and its causes. numerous psycho criminologists had attributed crimes to personality disorders, psychopaths, sociopaths, and antisocial personalities. Emotional disorders are generally considered as cause for crime, which are mostly rooted in childhood experiences where the criminal attempts a suppressed wish or desire.These theories basically correlate crimes to the psyche of the offender, explains the causes and situation that motivates the offender. All theories have to some extent, a set of assumptions like human air under economic and social setups, ele handsts of causation, etc. , based on which facts are interpreted and explained A person takes to crime basically t o satisfy his or her demands at that point of time. These demands may be vary from material requirements like money, expensive items or even sustenance and lust. The demands on a person normally calculate on the environment they are brought up.It has been widely believed that poverty and slum are the breeding ground for criminals. Thus people from slums would take to criminal activities like looting and murder to make a living and sustain themselves. This does not mean that they would refrain from crime once they get what they need. As need are continuously on a recurring basis, they always have their needs to be met. Seeing the easy way of life, they hang on to it, even offering their criminal services for money. though they may not be in slums anymore now, they graduate to macrocosm professional criminals.Similarly crimes like drunken driving, drug roast and sexual assaults are more associated with youth because the compulsion to seek them is more among the youth. The urge to seek adventure, try new things and the need for sex are actually prominent among the youth. Crimes involving businessmen is more associated with economic and property offenses, forgery etc. Although the methods adopted in execution of their crimes may differ, the intention of all criminals is to get what they seek. Though personal requirements and unavailability to get them legally drive people to commit crime, the hesitance or encouragement to commit crime varies widely.These are more open on ones heredity and body dysfunction. A persons decision to take to crime or refrain from it, the extent and genius of the crime to be committed depends on their heredity, hormone functioning and neuropsychological disorders. Thus we see mentally affected people turning out to be psychopath killers, killing people mercilessly for no reason. Also the reason why people take to crime is significantly different between men and women. Gender plays an important role in the need and nature of crime committed. Men and women have differing offence rates and offence patterns, both as offenders and as victims.The opportunities and capabilities of men and women for crime are different, which is reflected in their crime pattern. This crime committed for needs satisfaction may be analyzed by determining the needs of the criminal who had committed it. By correlating the crime committed, the risks taken and the gains sought would reflect how badly the criminal required it. These factors in turn would throw up other(a) details to profile the criminal. However it should be emphasized here that it is not possible for any single theory to fully and perfectly explain all(prenominal) crime or deviant act.A good explanation of the crime can only be got by incorporating various theories. It is unfortunate that criminological theories are never completely liveed or refuted. While some empirical tests may support the theory some might offer partial support while the others might refute the t heory. Theories are therefore evaluated based on their weight of evidence, as to whether a majority of tests support or freeze off the theory. Crime theories are generally not directly specific to crime causation, but helps to understand crime in a bigger perspective, by being more specific on behavior.

My Dorm Room Essay

College is a life changing casing for all disciples who desire to fulfill their dreams. College is a place of learning and of discovery. Learning does not occur only(prenominal) in the four walls of the classroom or the library, nor it is solely the responsibility of the professor, and it is more than reading hundreds of pages of text books and terminate requirements.College is also the place where each schoolchild learns how to live independently for the first time, how to manage their time and schedules, come upon lifelong friends, experience passionate love and bear their souls to a special person, and, most of all, it is where students discover who they atomic number 18, what they be capable of and what they want to do with the rest of their lives. In this very intense, fast-paced academic life, each student struggles and becomes more mature after living in a college dorm. Dorm life for a college student is a necessary part, and without it they wont be fully prepared to t ake on the challenges of giving life.My dorm room is the place that I call home while I am at Newberry College. It is a nice place to live and I feel very comfortable there. As you paseo into the main entrance of Brokaw Hall, you make a right turn then a left bingle and proceed to room 114. Brokaw is an all freshman dorm. My room is large. I did not bring anything from home I decided to buy everything that I need once I got here, since I am an international student. I have adapted well to my dorm room and I like living there. On my access a red plate is mounted with the number 114 typed in the middle, near the top.The door is heavy and is make of sturdy wood. At waist level on the left of the door is a metal panel, which supports a large metal doorknob. Once you open my door, you nail the interior of my room. To your right sits my bed, which has a red allayer on it. On the wall, by my bed is a flag of my country, Morocco, that I hung up. I brought my countrys flag to remember my homeland, family, and friends. The walls were painted light blue with a few posters hanging in place. The change color of the wall relaxes me. On top of the bed, a closed laptop sits.When you look to your right you see my roommates bed, which has a blue comforter. On the wall, above his bed is where the speakers are hung for the stereo. There are four speakers on the wall and two on the floor. When the stereo is at full power we shag hear music all the way from the other end of the hall. As you focus your eyes towards the window, you mailing our desk area. The right desk is considered my side, and the left is my roommates side. On my desk there is my black printer, an alarm clock, a lamp, and round of my favorite CDs.My favorite possession on my wooden table is the family picture that faces my bed. In the middle of the feature desk, we have our refrigerator and microwave, a Playstation Two video game system, a small fifteen atomic number 49 television and next to the desk t here is an air conditioner. This is used to keep us cool at night and during the day. My section of the room is odd because it is actually clean most of the time however, I think of myself as being messy and lazy. There are two dressers in my room which are of different sizes, the smallest of which belongs to my roommate.The insistence is divided into two sections like most of the things in my room. The dorm room is my safe-haven from college troubles. Half of it is messy with fill desks and clothes thrown over the floor, but my side remains clean and organized. I enjoy staying in my room and surrounding myself with the comforts of home my countrys flag and pictures from home. My parents rejoicing faces are cheering to me. Everything from the soothing color on the walls to the model posters hanging up makes me feel at home here at Newberry and lets me forget my homesickness.

Outline Christian teaching on Wealth and Poverty Essay

Christians recollect that wealth is neither completely good nor bad. Wealth can be a big advantage to those in need an example of a good use of wealth would be building houses and shelter for the homeless, wealth can also promote corruption in our world, providing the incentive for nigh to abuse their wealth, an example of a bad use of wealth would be buying weapons to commit cutthroat acts. Other sinful things that are cause by wealth are drugs, gambling and prostitution. When people expect a lot of wealth they usu altogethery commit some of these sins or all of them.Christians also opine that wealth is a good thing, but greed is not. If a wealthy soul becomes greedy they scoop up hurting the people among them in order to earn more and more wealth. It is easier for a poor person to give up 1000 if thats all they abide than a greedy person to do so.Christian teach that wealthy people should be good stewards with their wealth. By this they mean that people have to use their we alth for everyone in need. Also they believe that a persons possessions have a rightful owner which is God.Jesus looked around and said to his disciples, How hard it is for the rich to enter the kingdom of God. The disciples were amazed at his words. But Jesus said again, Children, how hard is itto enter the kingdom of God It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God.. Mark 1023-25.In this quote Jesus is not directly saying that by being rich you wont get into heaven. He is telling them that by being rich it can lead to people not dismission to heaven. Also he is telling his disciples that the way people use their wealth defines if they are going to heaven or not. He compares the fact of a rich man going to heaven with a camel entering the eye of a needle. He uses this comparison to make believe that if someone becomes rich it is impossible for them to store riches anywhere else except here on earth.Lastly Christians believe and teach that all wealthy people should give to charity and other people who are in poverty. They also believe its their duty to give to the poor as God has given them all this wealth.

Bypass the Story of a Road Analysis Essay

McGirr takes virtually all(prenominal) detour possible and in doing so seems to suggest that looks move is at its intimately interesting when one strays from the central path. It is in the townsfolks and rest stations that McGirr encounters individuals with interesting stories to tell stories that give McGirrs narrative its essential variety and life. McGirrs interest is non only in what lies get rid of to the side of the main road stylus in a literal sense. He is attracted by the lives of ordinary pile who are not noteworthy or even particularly successful. Even when relating incidents from his life as a non-Christian priest he enjoys telling stories that would otherwise never appear in print at xding the misuse wedding reception seeing a bride answer a mobile phone.He does from time to time reference to famous or powerful state even here, though, his preference is for the little known incident everywhere the important, area-shaping decision such as John Curtins m idnight pot of tea in a Gundagai caf. In condensed, McGirr suggests that, although the high path itself is valuable, we must not forget or neglect places and lives that the highway bypasses, for these to a fault constitute the life-blood of the population. And similarly, although the nations central invention or history is important that of, say, the Anzacs, the explorers, the two world wars the stories that lie mutilate to the side of the historical mainstream are equally worth knowing, are equally valuable.As narrator and cause of this narrative, McGirr has a lot of control over how he depicts himself. Indeed, the power of the person who gets to tell the story (p.19) is considerable, as he notes when discussing Hovells power over Hume in that regard. McGirr is depicted as a fairly affable, if occasionally bumbling figure whose decision to leave the Jesuit order after twenty-one years is a life-changing one. The decision prompts him to experience a number of prime(prenomin al)s he buys property in Gunning embarks on an intimate race with Jenny whom he subsequently marries and has children with and decides to travel on a bike down the Hume main road and entry his progress. McGirr might come across as more or lessthing of an everyman figure only if his life-experiences mark him as someone rather eclectic (unusual).McGirr displays a message for droll humour throughout the narrative, and also a willingness to reflect late on his experiences and those of others. His meditative tendencies see him discuss his struggle to sincerely uphold the vow of obedience when he was a member of the Jesuit order (p.173), and also his feeling of creation alone when he first joined the order (p.229). It might be argued that McGirr is depicted as someone who thinks a little too overmuch the discussion of his dilemma intimately buying orange juice with the money allocated to new Jesuits for emergencies (p.228) is an example. Fortunately, his capacity for reflectio n does not make the text too ponderous. McGirrs accounts of his developing alliance with Jenny and his self-deprecatory asides around his weight (p.31, p.98), snoring (p.227), age (p.32) and tendency to lecture others (p.142) depict him as a jovial, desireable bloke. ringway, a hybrid work of creative non-fiction is a memoir, travel story, social history, romance and road story. The literary devices use in rotate enliven and enrich the writing with sparkling wit. For example Hovell had been a naval captain. On land, however, he was all at sea.(p 19) They were like fishermen who were prepared to dam their own river rather than let it lust them.(p 48) A roadhouse is a place where everything that dirty dogt be eaten has been laminated, and not all the food merchant ship be eaten.(p 66) Guerrilla warfare is the opposite of God who, for some unknown reason, makes his or her absence tangle even when present.(p 81) I came to Gunning to hide, but people kept finding me.(p 97) Sturt w ent blind trying to see what none had seen before.(p 170)McGirrs anger at some social problems is often expressed in blunt metaphors, for example, when discussing caper machines in Goulburn he writes They are abattoirs of the human spirit.(p 90) His love for language is reflected, for example, where the text is an lengthened reverie on arcane words and their meanings eg panier (p 98), or in his jovial attempt to find a word to get out a group of prime ministers (pp 153-4). Humour is one of the most appealing features ring road, for example the discussion of caravans with a fellow traveller (pp 110-1). Michael McGirr is masterly in creating punch lines to end his stories. eg I dont take in washing your dirty laundry in public.(p 263)The Hume thoroughfare The Hume Highway runs for over eight ampere-second kilometres inland, between Sydney and Melbourne. Early settlers, such as Charles Throsby and Hume and Hovell, made journeys overland that eventuated in the Hume Highway being d eveloped. The road, initially sometimes called the Great South Road in New South Wales and Sydney Road in what became Victoria, has been re-routed, extended and improved over time. In 1928, it became officially known as the Hume Highway. A number of towns originally on the Hume Highway beget now been bypassed to reduce both travel times and the amount of traffic (especially trucks) whirl through town centres.The meaning of bypass The term bypass means to go around something a road bypass normally goes around a town or the centre of a town. on that point are many such bypasses on the Hume Highway, allowing the traveller to avoid built up areas and suburban areaan streets. However, although Bypass is the story of a journey along the Hume Highway, the title makes it clear that McGirrs main interest is in how the road goes around places and people, and what the hearts of this might be both positive and negative. For more than about McGirrs engagement with the notion of a bypass, see the section on Themes, Ideas and Values.The main idea in the new Bypass is the idea of a journey. In literal terms, Bypass the story of a road tells the story of a physical journey from one point to another in this case, from Sydney to Melbourne. However, McGirr makes clear that a journey can have qualities that are more metaphorical. The literary references to Don Quixote and Anna Karenina, in particular, suggest very diverse types of journeys. The quotation from Don Quixote, theres no road so smooth that it aint got a few potholes, implicitly signals Sanchos philosophical take on the genius of kinships and life more generally. This attitude towards the vicissitudes of life clearly informs the text as a whole. For instance, McGirr comments about the degree to which his silly venture might mend negatively on his relationship with Jenny (p.137).Likewise, the comments he makes about the truckies whose marriages can patronage from their long hours on the road (p.52), suggest that physical journeys and emotional journeys are closely intertwined. The frequent references to Anna Karenina also signal McGirrs interest in the romantic and tragic dimensions of life. The flirtatious comments about McGirrs relationship with Anna Karenina, his predilection for relinquishing (and then recovering) the text from time to time and the inevitable decision to place her in close proximity to a railway (p.260) work symbolically as a comment on life more generally, as well as on the plot of Tolstoys novel. After all, Tolstoys Anna throws herself in front of a train. McGirr is all too aware of the fragility of life both on the road and beyond it.In this novel, remainder and memorial are also an important theme. The ultimate depot in lifes journey is death. McGirr does not shy away from discussing the fragility of life and makes much of the memorials on the Hume Highway. Death is something that cannot be bypassed and, like the road which has no respect for persons or sta tus (p.158), it comes to us all. As McGirr notes when reflecting on the cemetery in Gunning, even a long life is short (p.7). For McGirr the Hume Highway is sacred space (p.15) it is lined with countless reminders of death (p.178) and memorialises both those who have died on it and those who have died at war. While McGirr is respectful and interested in the memorials dedicated to the war dead, his main priority is to acknowledge that death comes to all and that the lives of all ordinary Australians including soldiers are worth acknowledging and commemorating.Indeed, this is clearly conveyed by his juxtaposition of the near-death experience of Kerry meat packer (p.40) and the funerals of the Queen Mother (p.255) and the Princess of Wales (p.256) with the experiences of less well-known individuals. Packers blunt assertion that there is no life beyond the grave is contrasted with the more positive reflection of a woman who believed that her husband had done for(p) to the great swap- meet in the sky (p.41). Similarly, the vast amount of coverage and ceremony afforded the funerals of the Queen Mother and the Princess of Wales is diametrically opposed to the more poignant account of the interment of Anton, a lonely old man whose funeral was tended to(p) by three people the undertaker, Antons neighbour and McGirr in his role as priest (p.256).McGirr says of those like Anton, At least God knew this person even if nobody else did (p.256). McGirrs accounts of death or near-death experiences are most chilling when he considers those who have endured harrowing experiences on the road. His discussion of the murders committed by Ivan Milat (pp.704) and by bushrangers (pp.7783) brings home the fact that the Hume has a dark side (p.70). Not wanting to sensationalise or effectiveify the actions of these men, McGirr so far provides some background details to depict them in ways that are complex, non-judgemental and at times unnerving. ingress SEVEN PHILOSOPHY IN BYPASSG iven McGirrs work as a priest for much of his life, it is not surprising that this text is largely preoccupied with issues of faith and philosophical ponderings about life more generally. McGirr makes clear his continued article of faith in God (p.174) but is not heavy-handed in his discussion of faith. The gently humorous and respectful way in which he recounts Jennys aphorisms (wise sayings) about life is a case in point. His recollection of Jennys remark that he should just accept the Hume Highway for what it is youll enjoy it more (p.155) is exemplary. His discussion of Jennys view that there is a dish-shaped (negative and convex (optimistic) way of looking at the world (p.170) and that he might be right (p.170) in thinking that he has a concave approach to the world is similarly light-hearted in tone but relevant to the phonograph records overall interest in forms of belief. The light-hearted banter continues when McGirr discusses his acquisition of the Chinese philosophic al text, Tao Te Ching. Its pithy words of wisdom are for McGirr redolent of the bumper sticker sayings that he has liberally peppered throughout his narrative.At times, McGirrs discussion of philosophical matters takes on a more earnest tone. His discussion of how, as a priest, he subscribed to the vow of obedience in an effort to make up a sense of purpose which I otherwise lacked (p.173) and his related anxiety that he would reach the point at which you can no longer recognise yourself in the things you are starting to say or do (p.173) signal his need to be honest with himself as well as with others. His comment that the secret of being human is limiting how to enjoy our limitations (p.301) suggests that honesty and humility are part and parcel of a reflective existence, McGirr is also interested in the ways in which others concern themselves with spiritual matters.His discussion of the House of plea in Goulburn shows how prayer provides respite from the manic character of ever yday life and celebrates those like Catherine who dedicate their lives to parcel others in need find peace (pp.856). In a very different and secular vein, McGirr recounts the belief Liz Vincent has in ghosts of people and of the road. Although Vincent does not believe in God, McGirr seems fascinated by her stories and sensitively recounts her belief that the people we love can scarcely bear to leave us and sometimes hang around as ghosts (p.59). Perhaps more interesting is Vincents claim that the old Hume Highway near Picton has a religious presence of its own (p.59), appearing before unwary drivers eyes and beguiling them into believing that the phantom road they are following is the real thing (p.59).ENTRY EIGHT THE POLITICS IN BYPASSIn some ways Bypass is a book about power about who has it and who does not. As McGirr writes, roadstead are political. Building them is a sign that somebody is the boss (p.14). McGirrs discussion of the impact on Merri Creek of the F2 freeway int o Melbourne (p.284), the ensuing court case and the verdict that ultimately endorsed the freeway project, exemplifies the political nature of road-making. The very essence of a bypass, for instance, is a political act and McGirr makes this clear when discussing the difficulties surrounding the decision to render an internal or an external bypass for Albury in the late 1990s (pp.2036). Concerns about the economic effect of a route directing traffic away from town are weighed up with concerns about the impact of noise and pollution that a new road near or through a town invariably brings.Tussles between federal and state governments, as was the case with the Albury bypass, certainly highlight the political nature of road-making, as do arguments between different interest groups. The issue of the Albury bypass, along with the 1979 truck blockade represent between Camden and Picton on a notorious stretch of road known as razorback (pp.4751), flesh out power struggles of very differen t sorts. McGirr also points out that the amount of money fatigued on roads as opposed to public transport is a political act. He writes that in the last ten years, for every dollar spent on laying rail in Australia, eight dollars have been spent on highways (p.92). This pattern of spending is, he continues, a symptom of something deeper because government spending decisions simply reverberate the interests of voters (p.92).Bypass the story of a road is particularly concerned with the way the highway has been the backdrop for motley well-known and not so well-known aspects of Australias history. From Hume and Hovells early markings of the Hume Highway, to the increased tea circumscribe bargained for by Jack Castrisson when John Curtin visited the Niagara Caf in Gundagai, to Ned Kellys exploits, to the antics of the humiliate, ordinary Australians who travel on the Hume year by year, McGirr celebrates the way aspects of Australias history are part and parcel of the Hume Highways rich narrative. McGirrs interest in Australian history is, however, not indicative of a desire to celebrate or endorse conventional representations of Australias recent. In a number of instances, McGirr wants to query the legitimacy of idealistic views of the nations evolution. McGirr challenges the idea that Australia is an egalitarian nation, for example, and claims that this view is a myth (p.200).He also reminds readers of the fraught relationship between colonisers and Indigenous Australians when he discusses the life and death of an Aboriginal man discernd Bill Punch who survived a massacre as a baby and went on to fight for the Allies on the Western forward in World War I (pp.2467). McGirrs willingness to temper some representations of Australias past is underpinned by an appreciation of the power of language. He notes that those who are in a position to write about the past can have more agencies in their lives and also more control of history than those who dont (p.19). This awareness allows him to ponder on the way bushrangers and explorers have been depicted over time, and how being literate can impact on the type of individual one becomes (pp.778). McGirr is attentive to the idea that some histories are not told and that those that are relayed are not of all time definitive.Bypass the story of a road offers a perverted exploration of the Hume Highway and the personalities of the people whose lives have been touched by the road in one way or another. At the age of 40, former Jesuit priest, Michael McGirr armed with not much more than a copy of Anna Karenina, some spare clothes and a less than state-of-the-art Chinese built rack set out to ride the 880 kilometres (547 miles) of the Hume Highway which links Sydney and Melbourne. While the ride forms the backdrop to McGirrs book Bypass The Story of a Road, like all good travelogues the ride itself is in truth just a frame to hang the real story around, which as the title suggests, is the story of the Hume Highway. From its humble beginnings as a rough track across the Great Dividing Range, to its current state as a modern dual carriageway, the Highway continues to serve as the major thoroughfare linking Australias two largest cities. Bypass took me on a wonderful journey covering the history of the Hume, and the politics that helped shape it. Along the way you meet some great and not so great Australian characters that have helped imprint the name of the highway into the Australian psyche.People like the 61 year old Cliff Young (great), who in 1983 won the inaugural Sydney to Melbourne foot race against competitors half his age. And men like Ivan Milat (not so great) who was convicted of the murder of seven young backpackers and hitch-hikers, all of whom he buried in the Belanglo State Forest. Then there are the explorers Hamilton Hume (after whom the Highway was eventually named) and William Hovell, who in 1824 along with at least six others, set of from Appin (near t he present day Sydney suburb of Campbelltown) for the first successful quest to reach Melbourne. Through the novel, I also met truckies the bushrangers Ben Hall and Ned Kelly and the poets Banjo Paterson and Henry Lawson. I attended a Catholic Mass in Tarcutta officially the halfway point between Sydney and Melbourne where by from the priest and two parishioners, the only other people in attendance are the author of Bypass and his companion Jenny, who has by this time joined him on his ride to Melbourne.Reading this book, it seemed like I visited approximately every country town along the route of the Hume Highway, and learn something about each of them. Towns like Goulburn, famous for the Big Merino and Goulburn Jail (where Ivan Milat is currently serving seven life sentences). I visited Holbrook and learn wherefore the outer shell of the Oberon Class submarine HMAS Otway now sits in a public park in the middle of town. In Chiltern we pass by the childhood home of the Australi an writer Henry Handel Richardson, and learn that Henrys real name was Ethel Florence. I learned too, that like other female writers have done throughout history, Ethel wrote under a male nom de plume because at the time it was felt that women didnt have what it took to be great writers.And I also visited the town of Yass, and drop by the Liberty Caf for a meal before continuing on the journey, and turning page after page. Across its many short chapters, Bypass also take ind me to some of the thousands of bumper stickers that adorn the rear ends of many Australian vehicles. In fact, McGirr uses stickers as chapter headings to introduce the readers to every aspect of his journey. Thus, the bumper sticker THE OLDER I GET THE BETTER I WAS, allows him to explain some of his own personal story and the reasons for his decision to ride the Hume Highway.In the chapter THE GODDESS IS DANCING, McGirr introduces us to his riding partner Jenny, and in DEATH IS THE MANUFACTURERS RECALL NOTICE, we pause to learn about some of the many wayside memorials that mark the sites of fatal road accidents that line the Highway. To conclude, the book is immensely readable, always entertaining and informative, often surprising, and always filled with odd facts and humorous anecdotes. These keep the story moving along smoothly and effortlessly which cannot always be said of Michael McGirrs monumental bike ride.